Sheet Metal Welding is popular in dent repair, metal finishing as well as very extravagant artwork. Sheet Metal welding requires patience a lot of practice and average skill. The welding procedures used may be best determined by the specific project but may also be determined by tool available and the level of welding experience.
The three most common methods of welding sheet metal are Gas Welding, Mig Welding and Tig Welding. Of the three, TIG welding is less frequently used as TIG welders are not usually as accessible as gas and Mig Welders.
One of the advantages to gas welding is that the sheet metal is kept soft during the welding process, so a novice welder will find the material more malleable and much easier to work with. MIG welding is just the opposite; the material is harder to work with, louder and is known to shrink. The best metal welding combines the two processes to achieve the desired result. My advice is to work with a Gas Welder first to get the hang of it, and then introduce yourself slowly to the MIG welding process, testing in less visible areas. Most welding experts will gas weld as much as they can and then Mig Weld in the harder to reach places. The important thing to remember when combining these two welding procedures is to gas weld before MIG welding and never weld in the opposite order.
As weld with gas, use a small tip on your welder and be sure to have all your settings right. You don't want to try to weld with too much or too little pressure, so it's worth it to pay attention to your equipment as you weld. If you hear excessive popping, or too much noise, you need to make adjustments to your equipment.
Less experienced MIG welders tend to complain about not being able to see their work as they weld. So be sure your face mask is in good repair with clear lenses, and always work in plenty of light.
Equipment other than welders is also need to weld sheet metal safely and successfully. For safety's sake, you'll need heavy Welding Gloves. The welding gloves will protect your hands from sparks or sheet metal shards which may fly during the welding process. You'll also need a face mask specifically for welding; the best models have a light sensor attached to the mask.
Tool-wise, you'll need grinders, wire brushes, sandpaper at varying grits, vice grips, clamps, pliers with rubber grips on the handles, and sheet metal hammers. None of these items are optional. They all make sheet welding easier, and safer, and will ultimately make for a job well done.
If you're looking to improve your sheet metal welding then head on over to my blog at TIG welding sheet metal where I'm happy to share my decades of experience. Tips that will save you time and headaches.
Wheelchair modifications?
I stole a wheelchair from some homeless chick and I would like to swap it from electric to gas powered with either pull-start, or push-button start. What would be an ideal motor for such a project? I am looking at 2 strokes from wrecked bikes and small engine shops. I have TIG welded some wheelie bars I made at work and am putting a strut system for the back wheels. Anyone have experience with this? I want the next cripple who gets my wheelchair to have some attitude in this thing.
As long as you are goiing to put a gas engine on it why not do it up right? Place the engine on the rear (you will have to build the frame). Install a small 4 cyl turbo engine sideways. You will have to build a shaft from one wheel to the other then bolt on chain pullys to the crank shaft & the axle. Install the chain. If he or she doesn't get an attitude from the start ,they will from the stop.
The site of the Empire State Building was first developed as the John Thomson Farm in the late 18th century. At the time, a stream ran across the site, emptying into Sunfish Pond, located a block away. Beginning in the late 19th century the block was occupied by the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, frequented by The Four Hundred, the social elite of New York.
Design and construction
The Empire State Building was designed by William F. Lamb from the architectural firm Shreve, Lamb and Harmon, which produced the building drawings in just two weeks, using its earlier designs for the Reynolds Building in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and the Carew Tower in Cincinnati, Ohio (designed by the architectural firm W.W. Ahlschlager & Associates) as a basis. Every year the staff of the Empire State Building sends a Father's Day card to the staff at the Reynolds Building in Winston-Salem to pay homage to its role as predecessor to the Empire State Building. The building was designed from the top down. The general contractors were The Starrett Brothers and Eken, and the project was financed primarily by John J. Raskob and Pierre S. du Pont. The construction company was chaired by Alfred E. Smith, a former Governor of New York and James Farley's General Builders Supply Corporation supplied the building materials. John W. Bowser was project construction superintendant.
A worker bolts beams during construction; the Chrysler Building can be seen in the background.
Excavation of the site began on January 22, 1930, and construction on the building itself started symbolically on March 17t.Patrick's Dayer Al Smith's influence as Empire State, Inc. president. The project involved 3,400 workers, mostly immigrants from Europe, along with hundreds of Mohawk iron workers, many from the Kahnawake reserve near Montreal. According to official accounts, five workers died during the construction. Governor Smith's grandchildren cut the ribbon on May 1, 1931. Lewis Wickes Hine's photography of the construction provides not only invaluable documentation of the construction, but also a glimpse into common day life of workers in that era. In particular the photo of a worker climbing a stay cable is talismanic of the era and the building itself.
The construction was part of an intense competition in New York for the title of "world's tallest building". Two other projects fighting for the title, 40 Wall Street and the Chrysler Building, were still under construction when work began on the Empire State Building. Each held the title for less than a year, as the Empire State Building surpassed them upon its completion, just 410 days after construction commenced. The building was officially opened on May 1, 1931 in dramatic fashion, when United States President Herbert Hoover turned on the building's lights with the push of a button from Washington, D.C. Ironically, the first use of tower lights atop the Empire State Building, the following year, was for the purpose of signalling the victory of Franklin D. Roosevelt over Hoover in the presidential election of November 1932.
Opening
The building's opening coincided with the Great Depression in the United States, and as a result much of its office space went without being rented. The building's vacancy was exacerbated by its poor location on 34th Street, which placed it relatively far from public transportation, as Grand Central Terminal, the Port Authority Bus Terminal, and Penn Station are all several blocks away. Other more successful skyscrapers, such as the Chrysler Building, do not have this problem. In its first year of operation, the observation deck took in approximately 2 million dollars, as much money as its owners made in rent that year. The lack of renters led New Yorkers to deride the building as the "Empty State Building". The building would not become profitable until 1950. The famous 1951 sale of The Empire State Building to Roger L. Stevens and his business partners was brokered by the prominent upper Manhattan real-estate firm Charles F. Noyes & Company for a record $51 million. At the time, that was the highest price ever paid for a single structure in real-estate history.
Dirigible (airship) terminal
The building's distinctive Art Deco spire was originally designed to be a mooring mast and depot for dirigibles. The 102nd floor was originally a landing platform with a dirigible gangplank. A particular elevator, traveling between the 86th and 102nd floors, was supposed to transport passengers after they checked in at the observation deck on the 86th floor. However, the idea proved to be impractical and dangerous after a few attempts with airships, due to the powerful updrafts caused by the size of the building itself. A large broadcast tower was added to the top of the spire in 1953.
1945 plane crash
Main article: B-25 Empire State Building crash
Crash by a U.S. Army B-25 bomber on July 28, 1945
At 9:40 a.m.on Saturday, July 28, 1945, a B-25 Mitchell bomber, piloted in thick fog by Lieutenant Colonel William Franklin Smith, Jr., crashed into the north side of the Empire State Building, between the 79th and 80th floors, where the offices of the National Catholic Welfare Council were located. One engine shot through the side opposite the impact and flew as far as the next block where it landed on the roof of a nearby building, starting a fire that destroyed a penthouse. The other engine and part of the landing gear plummeted down an elevator shaft. The resulting fire was extinguished in 40 minutes. 14 people were killed in the incident. Elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver survived a plunge of 75 stories inside an elevator, which still stands as the Guinness World Record for the longest survived elevator fall recorded. Despite the damage and loss of life, the building was open for business on many floors on the following Monday. The crash helped spur the passage of the long-pending Federal Tort Claims Act of 1946, as well as the insertion of retroactive provisions into the law, allowing people to sue the government for the accident.
A year later, another aircraft had a close encounter with the skyscraper. It narrowly missed striking the building.
Height records and comparisons
Height comparison in buildings in New York City
The Empire State Building remained the tallest man-made structure in the world for 23 years before it was surpassed by the Griffin Television Tower Oklahoma (KWTV Mast) in 1954. It was also the tallest free-standing structure in the world for 36 years before it was surpassed by the Ostankino Tower in 1967.
The longest world record held by the Empire State Building was for the tallest skyscraper (to structural height), which it held for 42 years until it was surpassed by the North Tower of the World Trade Center in 1973. With the destruction of the World Trade Center in the September 11, 2001 attacks, the Empire State Building again became the tallest building in New York City, and the second-tallest building in the Americas, currently surpassed only by the Willis Tower in Chicago. When measured by pinnacle height, the Empire State Building is currently the third-tallest building in the Americas, surpassed only by the Willis Tower and the Trump International Hotel and Tower.
1 World Trade Center, currently under construction in New York City, is expected to exceed the height of the Empire State Building upon completion. The Chicago Spire is also expected to exceed the height of the Empire State Building upon completion, but its construction has been halted due to financial problems.
Suicides
Over the years, more than thirty people have committed suicide from the top of the building. The first suicide occurred even before its completion, by a worker who had been laid off. The fence around the observatory terrace was put up in 1947 after five people tried to jump during a three-week span. On December 2, 1979, Elvita Adams jumped from the 86th floor, only to be blown back onto the 85th floor and left with only a broken hip.
Shootings
Main article: 1997 Empire State Building shooting
On February 24, 1997, a Palestinian gunman shot seven people on the observation deck, killing one, then fatally wounding himself.
Architecture
The Empire State Building (in center of image) is the tallest building in New York City
Street level view of the Empire State Building
The Empire State Building rises to 1,250 ft (381 m) at the 102nd floor, and including the 203 ft (62 m) pinnacle, its full height reaches 1,453 ft8916 in (443.09 m). The building has 85 stories of commercial and office space representing 2,158,000 sq ft (200,500 m2). It has an indoor and outdoor observation deck on the 86th floor. The remaining 16 stories represent the Art Deco tower, which is capped by a 102nd-floor observatory. Atop the tower is the 203 ft (62 m) pinnacle, much of which is covered by broadcast antennas, with a lightning rod at the very top.
The Empire State Building was the first building to have more than 100 floors. It has 6,500 windows and 73 elevators, and there are 1,860 steps from street level to the 103rd floor. It has a total floor area of 2,768,591 sq ft (257,211 m2); the base of the Empire State Building is about 2 acres (8,094 m2). The building houses 1,000 businesses, and has its own zip code, 10118. As of 2007, approximately 21,000 employees work in the building each day, making the Empire State Building the second-largest single office complex in America, after the Pentagon. The building was completed in one year and 45 days. Its original 64 elevators are located in a central core; today, the Empire State Building has 73 elevators in all, including service elevators. It takes less than one minute by elevator to get to the 86th floor, where an observation deck is located. The building has 70 mi (113 km) of pipe, 2,500,000 ft (760,000 m) of electrical wire, and about 9,000 faucets.[citation needed] It is heated by low-pressure steam; despite its height, the building only requires between 2 and 3 psi (14 and 21 kPa) of steam pressure for heating. It weighs approximately 370,000 short tons (340,000 t). The exterior of the building was built using Indiana limestone panels.
The Empire State Building cost $40,948,900 to build.
A series of setbacks causes the building to taper with height.
Unlike most of today's skyscrapers, the Empire State Building features an art deco design, typical of pre-World War II architecture in New York. The modernistic Stainless Steel canopies of the entrances on 33rd and 34th Streets lead to two story-high corridors around the elevator core, crossed by stainless steel and glass-enclosed bridges at the second-floor level. The elevator core contains 67 elevators.
The lobby is three stories high and features an aluminum relief of the skyscraper without the antenna, which was not added to the spire until 1952. The north corridor contains eight illuminated panels, created by Roy Sparkia and Rene Nemorov in 1963, depicting the building as the Eighth Wonder of the World, alongside the traditional seven.
Long-term forecasting of the life cycle of the structure was implemented at the design phase to ensure that the building's future intended uses were not restricted by the requirements of previous generations. This is particularly evident in the over-design of the building's electrical system.
Floodlights
Empire State Building with red and green lights for Christmas, as seen from GE Building
Empire State Building with normal white lighting, as seen from New Jersey
In 1964, floodlights were added to illuminate the top of the building at night, in colors chosen to match seasonal and other events, such as St. Patrick's Day, Christmas, Independence Day or Bastille Day. After the eightieth birthday and subsequent death of Frank Sinatra, for example, the building was bathed in blue light to represent the singer's nickname "Ol' Blue Eyes". After the death of actress Fay Wray (King Kong) in late 2004, the building stood in complete darkness for 15 minutes.
The floodlights bathed the building in red, white, and blue for several months after the destruction of the World Trade Center, then reverted to the standard schedule. Traditionally, in addition to the standard schedule, the building will be lit in the colors of New York's sports teams on the nights they have home games (orange, blue and white for the New York Knicks, red, white and blue for the New York Rangers, and so on). The first weekend in June finds the building bathed in green light for the Belmont Stakes held in nearby Belmont Park. The building is illuminated in tennis-ball yellow during the US Open tennis tournament in late August and early September. It was twice lit in scarlet to support nearby Rutgers University: once for a football game against the University of Louisville on November 9, 2006 , and again on April 3, 2007 when the women's basketball team played in the national championship game.
In 1995, the building was lit up in blue, red, green and yellow for the release of Microsoft's Windows 95 operating system, which was launched with a $300 million campaign.
The building has also been known to be illuminated in purple and white in honor of graduating students from New York University.
Every year in September, the building is lit in black, red, and yellow, with the top lights off (for black) to celebrate the German-American Steuben Parade on Fifth Avenue.
The building was lit green for three days in honor of the Islamic holiday of Eid ul-Fitr in October 2007. The lighting, the first for a Muslim holiday, is intended to be an annual event and was repeated in 2008 and 2009. In December 2007, the building was lit yellow to signify the home video release of The Simpsons Movie.
From April 2527, 2008 the building was lit in lavender, pink, and white in celebration of international pop diva Mariah Carey's accomplishments in the world of music and the release of her eleventh studio album E=MC2.[citation needed]
In late October 2008, the building was lit green in honor of the fifth anniversary of the acclaimed Broadway Musical Wicked by Kerry Ellis and Stephen Schwartz.
Starting in 2008, the building along with New York City and many other cities around the world, participated in Earth Hour. The skyscraper's floodlights were turned off for exactly an hour to conserve energy.
In September 2009, the building was lit for one night in orange colors, in celebration of the exploration of Manhattan Island by Henry Hudson 400 years earlier. The Dutch prince Willem-Alexander van Oranje and princess Maxima were present and turned on the lights from the lobby.
In 2009, the building was lit for one night in red and yellow, the colors of the Communist People's Republic of China, to celebrate the 60 years since its founding, amid controversy.
Observation decks
The Empire State Building has one of the most popular outdoor observatories in the world, having been visited by over 110 million people. The 86th-floor observation deck offers impressive 360-degree views of the city. There is a second observation deck on the 102nd floor that is open to the public. It was closed in 1999, but reopened in November 2005. It is completely enclosed and much smaller than the first one; it may be closed on high-traffic days. Tourists may pay to visit the observation deck on the 86th floor and an additional amount for the 102nd floor. The lines to enter the observation decks, according to the building's website, are "as legendary as the building itself:" there are five of them: the sidewalk line, the lobby elevator line, the ticket purchase line, the second elevator line, and the line to get off the elevator and onto the observation deck. For an extra fee tourists can skip to the front of the line.
The skyscraper observation deck plays host to several cinematic, television, and literary classics including, An Affair To Remember, Love Affair and Sleepless in Seattle. In the Latin American literary work Empire of Dreams by Giannina Braschi the observation deck is the site of a pastoral revolution; shepherds take over the City of New York. The deck was also the site of a Martian invasion on an old episode of I Love Lucy.
A panoramic view of New York City from the 86th-floor observation deck of the Empire State Building, spring 2005
New York Skyride
View from Macy's
The Empire State Building also has a motion simulator attraction, located on the 2nd floor. Opened in 1994 as a complement to the observation deck, the New York Skyride (or NY Skyride) is a simulated aerial tour over the city. The theatrical presentation lasts approximately 25 minutes.
Since its opening, the ride has gone through two incarnations. The original version, which ran from 1994 until around 2002, featured James Doohan, Star Trek's Scotty, as the airplane's pilot, who humorously tried to keep the flight under control during a storm, with the tour taking an unexpected route through the subway, Coney Island, and FAO Schwartz, among other places. After September 11th, however, the ride was closed, and an updated version debuted in mid-2002 with actor Kevin Bacon as the pilot. The new version of the narration attempted to make the attraction more educational, and included some minor post-9/11 patriotic undertones with retrospective footage of the World Trade Center. The new flight also goes haywire, but this segment is much shorter than in the original.
Broadcast stations
New York City is the largest media market in the United States. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, nearly all of the city's commercial broadcast stations (both television and FM radio) have transmitted from the top of the Empire State Building, although a few FM stations are located at the nearby Cond Nast Building. Most New York City AM stations broadcast from just across the Hudson River in New Jersey.
Communications devices for broadcast stations are located at the top of the Empire State Building.
Broadcasting began at Empire on December 22, 1931, when RCA began transmitting experimental television broadcasts from a small antenna erected atop the spire. They leased the 85th floor and built a laboratory there, andn 1934CA was joined by Edwin Howard Armstrong in a cooperative venture to test his FM system from the Empire antenna. When Armstrong and RCA fell out in 1935 and his FM equipment was removed, the 85th floor became the home of RCA's New York television operations, first as experimental station W2XBS channel 1, which eventually became (on July 1, 1941) commercial station WNBT, channel 1 (now WNBC-TV channel 4). NBC's FM station (WEAF-FM, now WQHT) began transmitting from the antenna in 1940. NBC retained exclusive use of the top of the Empire until 1950, when the FCC ordered the exclusive deal broken, based on consumer complaints that a common location was necessary for the (now) seven New York television stations to transmit from so that receiving antennas would not have to be constantly adjusted. Construction on a giant tower began. Other television broadcasters then joined RCA at Empire, on the 83rd, 82nd, and 81st floors, frequently bringing sister FM stations along for the ride. Multiple transmissions of TV and FM began from the new tower in 1951. In 1965, a separate set of FM antennas were constructed ringing the 103rd floor observation area. When the World Trade Center was being constructed, it caused serious problems for the television stations, most of which then moved to the World Trade Center as soon as it was completed. This made it possible to renovate the antenna structure and the transmitter facilities for the benefit of the FM stations remaining there, which were soon joined by other FMs and UHF TVs moving in from elsewhere in the metropolitan area. The destruction of the World Trade Center necessitated a great deal of shuffling of antennas and transmitter rooms in order to accommodate the stations moving back uptown.
As of 2009, the Empire State Building is home to the following stations:
The Empire State Building Run-Up is a foot race from ground level to the 86th-floor observation deck that has been held annually since 1978. Its participants are referred to both as runners and as climbers, and are often tower running enthusiasts. The race covers a vertical distance of 1,050 feet (320 m) and takes in 1,576 steps. The record time is 9 minutes and 33 seconds, achieved by Australian professional cyclist Paul Crake in 2003, at a climbing rate of 6,593 ft (2,010 m) per hour.
In popular culture
Film
Perhaps the most famous popular culture representation of the building is in the 1933 film King Kong, in which the title character, a giant ape, climbs to the top to escape his captors but falls to his death. In 1983, for the 50th anniversary of the film, an inflatable King Kong was placed on the actual building. In 2005, a remake of King Kong was released, set in 1930s New York City, including a final showdown between Kong and bi-planes atop a greatly detailed Empire State Building. (The 1976 remake of King Kong was set in a contemporary New York City and held its climactic scene on the towers of the World Trade Center.)
The 1939 romantic drama film Love Affair involves a couple who plan to meet atop the Empire State Building, a rendezvous that is averted by an automobile accident. The film was remade in 1957 (as An Affair to Remember) and in 1994 (again as Love Affair). The 1993 film Sleepless in Seattle, a romantic comedy partially inspired by An Affair to Remember, climaxes with a scene at the Empire State observatory.
Andy Warhol's 1964 silent film Empire is one continuous, eight-hour shot of the Empire State Building at night, shot in black-and-white. In 2004, the National Film Registry deemed its cultural significance worthy of preservation in the Library of Congress.
The film Independence Day features the Empire State Building as ground zero for an alien attack; it is devastated by the aliens' primary weapon which incinerates most of New York City.
Many other movies that feature the Empire State Building are listed on the building's own website.
Television
The Empire State Building featured in the 1966 Doctor Who serial The Chase, in which the TARDIS lands on the roof of the building; The Doctor and his companions leave quite quickly, however, because The Daleks are close behind them. A Dalek is also seen on the roof of the building while it interrogates a human. In 2007, Doctor Who episodes "Daleks in Manhattan" and "Evolution of the Daleks" also featured the building, which the Daleks are constructing to use as a lightning conductor. Russell T Davies said in an article that "in his mind", the Daleks remembered the building from their last visit.
The Discovery Channel show MythBusters tested the urban myth which claims that if one drops a penny off the top of the Empire State Building, it could kill someone or put a crater in the pavement. The outcome was that, by the time the penny hits the ground, it is going roughly 65 mph (105 km/h) (terminal velocity for an object of its mass and shape), which is not fast enough to inflict lethal injury or put a crater into the pavement. The urban legend is a joke in the 2003 musical Avenue Q, where a character waiting atop the building for a rendezvous tosses a penny over the sidenly to hit her rival.
Literature
H.G. Wells' 1933 science fiction book The Shape of Things to Come, written in the form of a history book published in the far future, includes the following passage: "Up to quite recently Lower New York has been the most old-fashioned city in the world, unique in its gloomy antiquity. The last of the ancient skyscrapers, the Empire State Building, is even now under demolition in C.E. 2106!".
In the science fiction novel The Rebel of Rhada by Robert Cham Gilman (Alfred Coppel), taking place at a decayed galactic empire of the far future, New York is an ancient city which was destroyed and rebuilt countless times. Its highest and most ancient building, covered with piled-up ruins up to half its height, is known simply as "The Empire Tower", but is obviously the Empire State Building.
David Macaulay's 1980 illustrated book Unbuilding depicts the Empire State Building being purchased by a Middle Eastern billionaire and disassembled piece by piece, to be transported to his home country and rebuilt there.
The Empire State Building is featured prominently as both a setting and integral plot device throughout much of Michael Chabon's 2000 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay.
In the Percy Jackson book series, Mount Olympus is located over the Empire State Building, and there is a special elevator in the building to the "600th floor," which is supposed to be Olympus.
Tenants
Notable tenants of the building include:
Alitalia, Suite 3700
Croatian National Tourist Board, Suite 4003
Filipino Reporter, Suite 601
Human Rights Watch, 34th Floor
Polish Cultural Institute in New York, Suite 4621
Senegal Tourist Office, Suite 3118
TAROM, Suite 1410
The King's College, Suite 1500
Former tenants include:
China National Tourist Office (now located at 370 Lexington Avenue)
National Film Board of Canada (now located at 1123 Broadway)
Nathaniel Branden Institute
Gallery
A view upward of the Empire State Building from Broadway
The top of the Empire State Building
Looking up
Looking Down
Looking towards Times Square
Art deco elevators in the lobby
Panoramic view of Midtown Manhattan from observation deck
The Empire State Building lights up in yellow and red during the 60th anniversary of the PRC
See also
New York City portal
World's tallest free standing structure on land
History of tallest skyscrapers
List of skyscrapers
List of tallest buildings by U.S. state
References
Notes
^ a b The Empire State Building is located within the 10001 zip code area, but 10118 is assigned as the building's own zip code. Source: USPS.
^ National Geodetic Survey datasheet KU3602, Retrieved 2009-07-26
^ a b Willis, Carol (1995). "Empire State Building". in Kenneth T. Jackson. The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven, CT & London & New York: Yale University Press & The New-York Historical Society. pp. 375376.
^ ESBNYC.com
^ Pollak, Michael (April 23, 2006). "75 YEARS: F. Y. I.". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D03EEDD153FF930A15757C0A9609C8B63&scp=4&sq="empire state building" height 1,454&st=cse. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
^ SkyscraperPage Empire State Building, antenna height source: CTBUH, top floor height source: Empire State Building Company LLC
^ a b Rosenberg, Jennifer. "Empire State Building Trivia and Cool Facts". About.com. http://history1900s.about.com/od/1930s/a/empirefacts.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
^ a b White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot; AIA Guide to New York City, 4th Edition; New York Chapter, American Institute of Architects; Crown Publishers. 2000. p.226.
^ a b "Empire State Building". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. 2007-09-11. http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1842&ResourceType=Building.
^ Carolyn Pitts (April 26, 1985). "Empire State Building"" (PDF). National Historic Landmark Nomination. National Park Service. http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/82001192.pdf.
^ "Empire State Buildingccompanying 7 photos, exterior and interior, from 1978." (PDF). National Register of Historic Places Inventory. National Park Service. 1985-04-26. http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/82001192.pdf.
^ W&H Properties Empire State Building
^ Skyscrapers Becoming More Eco-Friendly In Hopes to Lure Tenants
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2007-01-23. http://www.nr.nps.gov/.
^ Reynolds Building. Retrieved November 15, 2008.
^ Cincinnati Skyscrapers, Waymarketing.com
^ "Thirteen Months to Go", Geraldine B. Wagner, 2003, Quintet Publishing Ltd., pg. 32
^
^
^
^ about.com Empire State Building Trivia and Cool Facts
^ "Lewis Wickes Hine: The Construction of the Empire State Building, 19301931 (New York Public Library Photography Collection)"
^ "Icarus, high up on Empire State; Lewis Wickes Hine, New York Public Library Photography Collection"
^ Tower Lights History Retrieved 2007-12-16
^ NYT Travel: Empire State Building
^ "A Renters' Market in London." August 18, 2008.
^ ew York: A Documentary Film.
^ a b Shanor, Rebecca Read (1995). "Unbuilt projects". in Kenneth T. Jackson. The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven, CT & London & New York: Yale University Press & The New-York Historical Society. pp. 12081209.
^ Goldman, Jonathan (1980). The Empire State Building Book. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 44.
^ "Empire State Building Withstood Airplane Impact"
^ "Plane Hits Building Woman Survives 75-Story Fall"
^ guinnessworldrecords.com
^ "The Day A Bomber Hit The Empire State Building". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92987873. Retrieved 2008-07-28. "Eight months after the crash, the U.S. government offered money to families of the victims. Some accepted, but others initiated a lawsuit that resulted in landmark legislation. The Federal Tort Claims Act of 1946, for the first time, gave American citizens the right to sue the federal government."
^ Glanz, James and Eric Lipton (2002-09-08). "The Height of Ambition". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E2DD1F3FF93BA3575AC0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=10.
^ iht.com
^ Compass American Guides: Manhattan, 4th Edition. Reavill, Gil and Zimmerman, Jean P. 160.
^ George H. Douglas, Skyscrapers, p. 173
^ Empire State Building New York.com: Empire State Building Suicides
^ Geoffrey Broughton, Expressions, p. 32
^ The Empire State Building Book, Jonathan Goldman, St. Martin's Press, 1980, p.63
^ Empire State Building: Official Internet Site
^ Lelyveld, Joseph (February 23, 1964). "The Empire State to Glow at Night". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B11FE385F137A8EDDAA0A94DA405B848AF1D3.
^ thevillager.com
^ a b Empire State Building lighting schedule
^ espn.com
^ Washington Post
^
^ Empire State Building Goes Green for Muslim Holiday
^ Empire State adorns yellow to celebrate The Simpsons Movie
^ a b https://www.esbnyc.com/tickets/index.cfm?CFID=28691766&CFTOKEN=35278567
^ "Ten Things Not to Do in New York"
^ NYRR Empire State Building Run-Up Crowns Dold and Walsham as Champions, New York Road Runners
^ Empire State Building Past Race Winners
^ www.esbnyc.com
^ http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0301391h.html
^ a b c d e f g h "Foreigners flocking to 350 Fifth Avenue." Real Estate Weekly. June 30, 2004.
^ "FAQ." Alitalia (United States website). Retrieved September 4, 2008.
^ "Claims and Suggestions." Alitalia (United States website). Retrieved September 4, 2008.
^ Home page. Croatian National Tourist Board. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
^ "Contact." Filipino Reporter. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
^ "Contact." Human Rights Watch. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
^ Home Page. Polish Cultural Institute in New York. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
^ Information Senegal Tourist Office. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
^ "Travel Agencies for plane tickets to Romania." Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
^ "The King's College". http://www.tkc.edu/. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
^ "Contact Us." China National Tourist Office. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
^ "Contact us." National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
^ In Answer to Ayn Rand by Nathaniel Branden at his ex-wife's website
Further reading
Aaseng, Nathan. (1999). Construction: Building the Impossible. Minneapolis, MN: Oliver Press. ISBN 1-881-50859-5.
Bascomb, Neal. (2003). Higher: A Historic Race to the Sky and the Making of a City. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50660-0.
Goldman, Jonathan. (1980). The Empire State Building Book. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-24455-X.
James, Theodore, Jr. (1975). The Empire State Building. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-060-12172-6.
Kingwell, Mark. (2006). Nearest Thing to Heaven: The Empire State Building and American Dreams. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10622-X.
Pacelle, Mitchell. (2001). Empire: A Tale of Obsession, Betrayal, and the Battle for an American Icon. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-40394-6.
Tauranac, John. (1995). The Empire State Building: The Making of a Landmark. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-19678-6.
Wagner, Geraldine B. (2003). Thirteen Months to Go: The Creation of the Empire State Building. San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay Press. ISBN 1-592-23105-5.
Willis, Carol (ed). (1998). Building the Empire State. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-73030-1.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Empire State Building
Look up Empire State Building in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Empire State Building official Web site
Commercial Construction.com
Lighting Schedule
Empire State Building Green Retrofit
Empire State Building Trivia
Empire State Building Information
The Construction of the Empire State Building, 19301931, New York Public Library
VIVA2, The Skyscraper Museum's online archive of over 500 construction photographs of the Empire State Building.
NYC Insider Guide, Empire State Building vs. Top of the Rock compare views.
Empire State Building at Structurae
Records
Preceded by
Chrysler Building
World's tallest structure
1931 1954
Succeeded by
KWTV Mast
World's tallest freestanding structure on land
1931 1967
Succeeded by
Ostankino Tower
Tallest building in the world
1931 1972
Succeeded by
World Trade Center
Tallest building in the United States
1931 1972
Tallest Building in New York City
1931 1972
Preceded by
World Trade Center
Tallest Building in New York City
2001 present
Incumbent
Other articles and topics related to the Empire State Building
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Europe
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Under construction
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Construction suspended
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Former
World Trade Center
See also Proposed supertall skyscrapers List of architects of supertall buildings
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Popular visitor attractions in New York City
Times Square (35M) Central Park (20M) Metropolitan Museum of Art (5.2M) Statue of Liberty (4.24M) American Museum of Natural History (4M) Empire State Building (4M) Museum of Modern Art (2.67M)
Categories: 1931 architecture | Accidents involving fog | Art Deco buildings in New York City | Fifth Avenue (Manhattan) | Former world's tallest buildings | National Historic Landmarks in New York City | Office buildings in New York City | National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan | Skyscrapers in New York City | Skyscrapers over 350 meters | Visitor attractions in New York City | Office buildings in Manhattan | Art Deco skyscrapersHidden categories: Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism | Wikipedia protected pages without expiry | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 About the Author
I am a professional editor from Chinese Manufacturers
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http://www.chinaqualitycrafts.com/ contain a great deal of information about
can i receive dts hd and dolby true hd with 6.1 speakers?
I have a pioneer kuro elite monitor, ps3 , av receiver yamaha 663 and 6.1 channel onkyo sks ht240 speakers. Yes the av receiver can decode dts hd and dolby true hd cause its right in the manual, on the receiver it self and I called yamaha and checked the website. If you check cnet they also say tha this receiver does play dts hd and dolby true hd.
I had the new star trek movie and it plays dolby true hd but when it plays I don't see the the dolby true hd symbol being displayed. It only displays dolby digital. In my ps3 sound settings it. I let the ps3 detect all the sound. So what's going on? As I did my research it seems lik in order to receive true hd I. Lossless sound I have to get 7.1 channel speakers. It also seems like certain channel systems 5.1,6.1 or 7.1 can only play certain decoding or am I wrong. Am I good with my 6.1 speakers or do I need to get 7.1 speakers. I'm looking for the best sound. I've tried playing wiith my ps3 setting and its no good.
Connect HDMI from PS3 to receiver and set Bitstream if you have slim PS3 or set Linear PCM if you have fat PS3.
Penn Elite All Stars - Wildcats - Youth Small Level 3
The poor quality of welding consumables imported from china and the lack of quality standards
Studys say that most of these products are being purchased from the suppliers or companies that do not provide any guarantee of the quality. Another fact that is revealed from these studies is that most of these products are available at cheap prices in the market and they are being imported from China. Buying these products at very low price is not helping in anyway as the buyers either need to repair them or purchase a new one within a short period of time.
It definitely sounds harsh, but there is another reality. The buyers are purchasing their preferred brand of Mig Wire and put in on the machine, but strangely, it is not working properly. The buyer assumes that the problem might be due to a worn Contact Tip and they replace it with a new one. Some people even go on replacing the liner of the machine, but still the problem persists. Many end users are facing this common problem in Australia these days. Why such things are happening? The answer is poor quality. Most of these wielding products are imported from China and the quality standards of these products are very poor.
How the certain brand of welding products cannot guarantee the adequate quality standards? While facing the problem, many buyers think that it is not because of the wire, which is from a certain brand that they have used over for years. When these brands have been selling all types of welding products for decades, how can the wire give such troubles? There are numerous welding product manufacturing companies and it is quite difficult to get a good quality wire. Most of these products are being imported from China as the companies are providing low wages to manufacture the welding products. China is a nation with a huge population and the rate of wages is very low over there. That is why the manufacturers are shouldering the responsibility of manufacturing the welding products in China and then import the finished products to sell in their respective markets. The buyers are checking the brand name on the boxes of MIG wire, but those are actually not the manufacturers of the product. They have the suppliers from China and hence the quality of the products has reduced significantly.
Then what is the secret of buying a good quality wire? You need to check the manufacturer of the products. The manufacturers must be producing High Quality welding products for many years and they have become the master of the art. Therefore, you should look out for reliable manufacturers that supply high quality products consistently.
About the Author
Elite Engineering WA provides welding and design consulting services, including inspection and expediting, to companies that require controls and documentation for the production of products geared towards the oil and gas or mining industries. We have the capability to handle all of your concepts through to manufacturing and pride ourselves in having an outstanding reputation for service, integrity and quality.
For more information on Elite Engineering WA and their services visit www.elitewa.com.au
i have a few welding questions?
who developed Mig Welding
what happens if shielding ga is not used during gmaw
why was it developed
what is the difference between Flux Cored electrode welding and gmaw
what is the elcectrode
what is the contact tip
what is the Gas Nozzle
what is an inhert gas
what happens when helium is used as a shielding gas
what type of Power Supply does a gmaw need
Shielding gas is used to protect the weld from oxygen preventing oxidizing of the weld to make the weld stronger.
Electrodes are the wire or stick melted when the current from the welder goes though the electrodes
Contact tip is the point where the electrode makes the circuit.
Gas nozzle are for MiG welding the blow the gas where the weld is being made.
Welding Yard Art : Safety Tips for Welding Yard Art
US $20.47
